History Still Life (Part 2)
site - http://shursha.comGradually simple motives in the Dutch still lifes were finally driven out themes such as rare flowers and imported from distant countries bear fruit.
Creativity as A. Mignon, YD de Hema, J. van Heysuma, said that the artists turned to sophisticated technology, captures the world of decorative and refined. Familiar, everyday images of nature retreated before the exotic and magnificent brightness. More surprising see pictures Adriaanse Koort, who worked from 1685 to 1723 in Middelburg and Zirikze. He wrote lucid and modest still-lifes, different performance skill ("Pot with strawberries," 1697, Hermitage, St. Petersburg).
In the second half of XVII century, widespread in the Netherlands were not only the flower still-lifes, but also pictures showing the battered game. On small canvases depicting small birds, at large - brought in from the hunt swans, rabbits and other forest dwellers. Similar topics dictated artists lifestyle of the bourgeoisie, whose favorite pastime was still hunting. Average population content with small game, caught by snares. Wealthy citizens preferred to hunt the hare, and large landowners were taken home in triumph swans and pheasants. Very popular, especially among the ladies, enjoyed falconry. Many Dutch natyurmortisty sought to capture in his writings colorful trophies lucky hunters.
in Amsterdam, Delft and Haarlem master specializing in the creation of still lifes with hunting trophies, and wrote small paintings depicting small prey. In Utrecht painters created a large-scale canvases with Game provided close-ups. In this city, have become widespread and the product, showing the whole poultry yard with live pheasants, peacocks and other exotic birds, which were brought to Holland by sea from distant countries.
tracks with small broken bird wrote Jan Fonck (ca. 1630 - ca. 1660). In his "Still Life with a bat bird "(the Hermitage, St. Petersburg), the master pointed to the dark background of several large birds, hanging by feet, and small, spread out on the table. Revival in painting, executed in brown and gray hues, making flaming feathers hanging on the left and the red grouse breast lies thrush.
Similar still life created and Cornelis Lelienberg (died after 1676). At his small paintings, executed in brown and gray color scheme, you can see the dead small birds, decomposed on the table ("Broken Bird", 1672, the Hermitage, St. Petersburg). Lelienberg later turned to larger decorative compositions, but the themes of his paintings remain unchanged.
Similar motives have attracted and the Dutch artist, known to us as monogrammist AL. On the personality of this master is not known. Perhaps He belonged to the circle Lelienberga. Very interesting, his painting "Killed a bird in a niche" in the Hermitage. Thin and gorgeous in color in its art of painting, it differs unusual compositional solution (broken bird is placed in a niche), helps the author to create some illusion of reality. Performed in the range of warm yellow-brown hues, still life revived by a bright red ribbon, covering the foot of dead birds.
Sometimes, such illusive tracks with hunting trophies artists transition to a still-lifes, "bogus", encountered with delight the audience. One such works - painting "Still Life Hunting" from the Hermitage collection, written by Johannes Leemans (ca. 1633 - ca. 1687 or 1688). The viewer sees hanging on the wall items designed for hunting. Finer black and white transitions help the master to transmit volume and make the image palpably real.
Still Lifes with hunting trophies also wrote Ferdinand Pain (1616-1680). Worked in grisaille technique, he achieves an extraordinary relief, which made his paintings very convincing. Elegant still life with Game created and Willem Hau Ferguson (ca. 1632 - after 1695), Scottish artist, who lived in The Hague and Amsterdam.
Все эти мастера выполняли небольшие по размерам полотна. Крупноформатные декоративные картины с изображением мертвых лебедей, зайцев, коз писали такие artists such as J. Veniks and M. de Hondekuter. The founder of this genre was a painter Mateus Bloom, which is known only that between 1642 and 1659 he worked for years in Amsterdam. The wizard created still lifes, compositions with hunting trophies and paintings of fowl. Bloom's works remained little. On the canvas of ermitazhskogo meeting "Killed game" (1653) the viewer sees shown in close-up of dead birds. In the center - a dead swan in snow-white plumage. The composition is made mainly in white and black colors.
In Utrecht and Amsterdam, the glory of the talented painter enjoyed Melchior de Hondekuter. His work is tending to effectively and magnificence, as well as arts and J. Veniksa, completed flowering of Dutch still life. Occurred XVIII century и искусство Голландии неумолимо приближалось к своему упадку.
Важное место занимал натюрморт и во фламандской живописи. Крупнейшим мастером, работавшим in this genre, was Frans Snyders, who had studied with Peter Paul Rubens. Although Rubens himself almost did not write the still lifes, things play in his compositions very significant role. Looking at the painting "Christ in the House of Martha and Mary" (National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin), the audience sees some different subject groups: broken bird lying on the floor, a branch with apricots, next to which sits a little monkey, a dish of grapes at the feet of one of the women; wicker basket with ripe fruits and berries on the table, covered with elegant tablecloths and a vase of flowers. Rubens openly admires the bright and colorful world of things surrounding the person.
During his apprenticeship Snyders wrote flowers, fruits, animals in many of the compositions of Rubens. They are the same things as equal elements, as well as images of people and landscapes. Perhaps the Snyders had a hand and Rubens painting "Christ in the house of Mary and Martha." In later years, the artist created gorgeous decorative still lifes on a large canvas showing the abundance of nature's gifts.
Many Snyders still life is a kind of allegories. Sometimes the compositions of "shops" the master enters the details of genre scenes. The presence of animal and human figures fills the still lifes dynamics and makes the picture a "dead nature" in the works, praising the infinite variety of the living world.
interest in things around man is at work in Italian painting. In the portraits, JB Moroni, A. Bronzino, L. Lotto, a subject, whether books, globe, compass, mandolin, or flute, is not only decorative, but also a symbolic significance. However, the emergence of still life as a genre associated with the name of Michelangelo da Caravaggio, filled in 1596 his famous "fruit basket" (Gallery Ambrosiana, Milan).
In XVII-XVIII centuries in Italian art happened isolation of local scenic schools. In this genre, like still life, there were certain themes have formed their own methods and techniques. Artists painted compositions with bouquets of flowers, fruits and vegetables, meat and vegetable stalls, kitchens, bat game, maritime gifts. Still lifes created with luxurious oriental rugs, fine china vases, pictures with the attributes of the profession of the scientist, musician, which is dominated by books, globes, flasks and retorts, music books, musical instruments etc.
canvases, similar to the works of the Dutch created the Italian artist Jacopo Clementi, called Empoli (1551-1640). He specialized in the genre still life, showing a variety of victuals. On his film "Still Life" (GMMI, Moscow), the viewer sees a variety of vegetables and fruit, a muffin, battered bird a flask of wine, a clay jug and other items presented on a dark background.
Wide dissemination of scientific knowledge at the end of XVII - beginning of XVIII century, inspired Italian painters to create a still life with the attributes of science. Younger compatriot Clementi, artist Cristoforo Monaro (1667-1720), wrote the painting "Still Life with writing, now preserved in the State Museum of Fine Arts. AS Pushkin. The painting depicts a close group of objects placed on the table. The books in the ink pens, pocket knife, a folded letter, ceramic vessels and other things, telling about the interests and occupations of their owner.
Formed in Italian varieties still life genre was soon perceived by painting school Spain France and Germany. Impact of Italian still life there and in some works of masters of the Netherlands and Flanders.
world of things interested English artist Francisco Zurbaran. Subjects in which founded the symbolic meaning, occupy an important place in his compositions religious themes. The artist also produced still lifes and actually talking about the enthusiasm for the master to the outside world.
remarkable coloristic mastery thin transfer material nature of the subject, skillful black and white molding volumes characteristic of still lifes by the famous English master Antonio de Pereda, experienced the influence of art by Diego Velasquez.
significant contribution to the development of the German still lifes made Georg Flegel (1566-1638). In the floral bouquet written by this artist, feel the influence of Dutch painters. Flegel in pictures you can see rare species of flowers, graceful vessels, fruits and berries in vases, a variety of vegetables. This is the painting "Still Life with Flowers and hors d'oeuvres" (Hermitage, St. Petersburg), compels the viewer to admire the beauty around the world. At the same time, details such as an hourglass and a bouquet of delicate flowers, whose life is ephemeral, reminiscent of the impermanence of life and pull together now with still-life type of vanitas.
Eventually Flegel compositions have become more concise and simple. In his mature works are usually shown only two or three items between them feels organic connection. With the help of colorful local spots and black and white transitions artist achieves a three-dimensionality that the image acquires a tangible credibility. Illusion tricks designed by German master, were later used by painters of the XVIII century, fond the creation of still lifes, "bogus."
In the art of France blossoming genre of still life began somewhat later than in Holland, Flanders, Spain and Italy - in the XVIII century. French still life characterized by such features as decorative, elegance, lightness of colors.
Many masters working в этом жанре, испытали влияние голландского натюрморта. Особенно заметно его воздействие в картинах с охотничьими трофеями кисти Жана Батиста Удри и Франсуа Backwardation. French artists were famous virtuoso painting techniques, the ability to convey the texture of any object: a metal vessel, Delft earthenware, a fragile glass, furry animal fur and soft plumage birds. Their paintings strike finesse lines and the mobility of the composition. But despite the numerous advantages of French still-life, they, unlike the works of the Dutch, are characterized by speculative and abstraction from the real reality.
In the era of the Rococo, with its pomp and glamor worked great French painter Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin, who made a great contribution to the development of not only French but European still life. He managed to see a simple, unpretentious charm of motifs and poetry. That Chardin the first was able to show the relationship that exists between man and the world around him things. While the art of France dominated the mythological and historical genres, and Chardin, who is familiar with the aesthetic beliefs of the great educator of Diderot, was able to oppose them with a theme addressed to life and life a simple man.
At the end of XVIII - early XIX century, still life began to lose its former importance. In vogue "high" genres, which strongly promoted academics. Were very popular antique and historical subjects. A still-lifes were set in academia as a teaching material for young artists.
Much attention is paid Finnish still life painters. In this genre worked Shilmark Nils, brothers Wilhelm (1810-1887) and Ferdinand (1822-1906) von Wright. Unlike his older brother Magnus, who has devoted his creativity mostly landscapes, Wilhelm and Ferdinand, in addition to paintings depicting Nature, wrote virtuoso compositions that show the world of things.
One of the most famous works of Wilhelm von Wright - Still Life with hunting trophies "Broken Duck" (1851, Atheneum Museum of Art, Helsinki). The artist is very accurately conveys the scope and texture of objects depicted on canvas (Gloss ceramic bowls and metal cups, polished wooden table top time, the roughness of the cutting board, soft iridescent in the light feathers of ducks).
set of still life set up the youngest of three brothers - Ferdinand von Wright. Among his best works - "Still Life on sewing table "(1868, Atheneum Museum of Art, Helsinki). Cloth admire the grace and colorful picture of wealth. On a dense purple tablecloths with black ornamental patterns are closely arranged things: books, top of which is decorated with gold-embossed, elegant travel bag in brown leather. Track completes the bouquet of flowers - yellow orchids and roses. Flowers, towering over the rest of things, like pass the idea that wildlife dominates inanimate world. This work shows not only the extraordinary powers of observation and the master of his hard work, but also the desire of poeticised objects to emphasize their inextricable link with the man.
In the same vein, performed, and other still lifes by Ferdinand von Wright: "Still life with dead bird "(1867, Atheneum Museum of Art, Helsinki) and" Still in the studio "(1868, Atheneum Museum of Art, Helsinki), where the illusionist certainty shows the attributes of the profession of the painter and other items. Beautiful still life writing in the second half of the XIX century and the Finnish artist Fanny Kurberg and Mary Wiik.
interest in still life intensified in the late XIX - early XX century, when Europe, a host of new artistic directions. Much attention things that surround a man paid by the representatives of French impressionism. For still lifes treated Edouard Manet, Auguste Renoir, Claude Monet, Pierre Bonnard. Postimpressionist also fond of this genre. A set of still lifes can be seen in the artistic heritage of Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin. Significant contribution to the development of European still life, introduced Paul Cezanne, whose well-known artists saw it as their teacher. Paintings of the objective world, written by Cezanne, became a model for many European and Russian artists who worked in this genre.
Still life feature prominently in the painting simvolista Odilona Redona, fovista Henry Matissa, kubistov Juan Gris, Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, priverzhentsa metafizicheskogo iskusstva Giorgio Morandi. World of things, distorted and unexpected, appears in the paintings of surrealist Salvador Dali.
in Russian art of the emergence of still life is associated with the iconography. Various items included in the overall composition, but sometimes became an independent picture. For example, on the back of the icon of Our Lady of Vladimir (XII century), kept in the Tretyakov Gallery, one can see a sort of "Still Life", composed of religious things - "See and instruments of passion, by an unknown artist circle of Andrei Rublev in the early XV century. But in the fullest sense to call these images of still life is impossible, as items presented in these paintings, had no independent significance and played the role of religious symbols.
in the icons, frescoes, miniatures of the XVII Century there is a considerable interest in artists' subjects. Masters carefully prescribe the form of things and their features. Nevertheless, the introduction of the composition some elements of still life is still determined only by the storyline. The author tries to show viewers that the situation in which events occur. In the Baptist Yaroslavl is a fresco of the church's Feast of Herod ", where you can see a huge table, forced by the plates, cups, cutlery and various of food. This still life is still very clumsily written, the master does not comply with the laws of perspective, many subjects are deprived of volume.
with much more skill Subject Group presented an artist, Simon Ushakov, the author of the icon "Old Testament Trinity" (XVII century). House painter seeks up to reproduce material из которого сделаны блюда, кубки, кувшины, показать узоры, покрывающие посуду. Даже аккуратные складки на скатерти переданы Ушаковым тщательно, любовно. Но At the same time the principles of icon painting (decorative, planar abstraction, an abundance of gold-tone) do not allow the master to the end of follow nature.
appearance of still life as an independent genre in Russian art has greatly contributed to the development of portrait painting at the turn of XVII-XVIII centuries. From European artists who worked in the Armory, Russian portrait painters learned to write from life, or as they say, "with zhivstva.
This sense of interest created by an unknown artist, "Portrait Vasikova" made in the tradition of parsuna. Master specifically pushed the figure of a model the edge of the blade to the audience were clearly visible objects, arranged on a table. Most likely, the artist deliberately chose this track because if a closer look a still life carefully, you will notice: the artist has shown the things that characterize a person suffering from addiction to alcohol. On canvas - cask of wine, a stack, a plate of pickles. Some researchers have suggested that the portrait depicts clerk Alex Vasilkov, known for his drunkenness, others believe that it is one of the members' vseshuteyshego cathedral "and objects on the table - the attributes of a gay rituals, invented Peter I.
Things, presented by the portraits of the XVIII century, helped the authors to characterize the model. Known story of how Peter I sent the gentleman IM Golovin to Venice to learn the shipbuilding business. When he returned, Golovin honestly king because of his laziness had learned abroad "to play the bass" and nothing else is learned. Peter ordered all called lackadaisical student Prince Bass and ordered to write his portrait, which Golovin was portrayed in an environment various musical instruments. Mathematical and other instruments of the exact sciences artist showed dumped in the distance as the unnecessary deaths, mostly whose vocation - "to play the bass." Contemporaries were told that Peter was very pleased to be satisfied by his order a portrait.
Items attributes Painters continued to include portraits and at the beginning of the XIX century.
Only in 1730-1740-ies have appeared this easel still lifes. The names of artists working in this genre: GN Teplov, T. Ulyanov, PG Bogomolov. Many of the works are anonymous. Currently, most of the still lifes created in the XVIII century, is stored in the Hermitage, the Ostankino Palace and Museum in Kuskovo. The appearance of such works has been associated with the reforms carried out by Peter I in the field of education. Still Life in Russia at that time engaged in those painters who could not express themselves in more complex genres (historical, landscape). Among natyurmortistov There were many women (in the programs of Peter artistic vocational schools for girls, an important place was given to drawing lessons). And such a talented artist still life, as heat (by the way, is well proven in other genres) in later became Secretary of State Catherine II, he worked for himself, and not in order. He wrote to the president of the Academy of Fine Arts: "I've never been a painter, and feared not be add-on, but he studied painting for one of my fun and respect thereunto Arts. Nevertheless, thermal, as well as his comrade-in-school Feofan Prokopovich T. Ulyanov not been invited to perform large-scale state orders.
very popular in the XVIII century enjoyed came from Europe to the genre of still life, "dummy". Similar works in Russian painting showed shelves of books and various items hanging on the wooden wall. Spread were also still lifes such as vanitas ("vanity cuet). Still Lifes, "dummy" made in order to mislead the viewer, to make him accept a portrayal of reality. These still lifes are not inserted into the frame - they should look as natural as possible.
To the viewer with a desire to touch the items presented at the "dummy" Artists painted poluopuschennye curtains, bent corners of sheets of paper. Fragments of the inscriptions encourage people to reach out and draw back the illusory curtain, to read the whole phrase. Masters skillfully used chiaroscuro, carefully wrote out an invoice for such items still lifes, trying to make them tangibly real. With the glare of light transmitted shiny glass and metal.
great skill in creating still lifes, "bogus" reached GN Teplov and T. Ulyanov. Most often, they portrayed the plank wall, on which were traced swirls and veins of the tree. On the walls are hung or plugged for nailed tesemochki variety of items: scissors, combs, letters, books, music books. On narrow shelves apart watches, inkwell, bottles, candlesticks, dishes and other small favors. It seems that a similar set of objects completely random, but actually it is not so. Looking at such still-lifes, one can guess about the interests of artists engaged in making music, reading, fond of art. Masters lovingly and painstakingly painted dear to them things. These paintings are touched by its sincerity and directness of perception of nature.
Many still lifes, "dummy", despite the fact that their main task was to introduce the viewer into thinking have undoubted artistic merit, especially noticeable in museums, where the hanging on the walls, such compositions, of course, can not deceive the public. But there are exceptions. For example, "Still life with books" made PG Bogomolov, inserted into an illusory "bookcase", and the visitors did not immediately realize that this is just a picture. Very good, "Still Life with Parrot" (1737) GN Teplova. With clear, concise lines that go into soft, smooth contours, light and transparent shadows, the subtle color nuances of the artist shows a variety of items hung on a wooden wall. Masterfully transferred wood, bluish, pink, and yellow hues that help create an almost real feeling fresh smell just vystrugannogo tree.
Russian still life, "dummy" XVIII century suggests that the artists were still not enough ably convey space and volume. More important for them to show the texture of objects, as if carried on the canvas of reality. In contrast, from Dutch still life, where things are absorbed by the light environment are depicted in unity with it, in the paintings of Russian masters of subjects drawn very carefully, even petty, live as if by themselves, regardless of the surrounding space.
At the beginning of the XIX century a major role in the further development of still life has played a School AG Venetsianov who spoke out against the strict separation of genres and tries to teach his students a comprehensive view of nature. Venetsianovskaya School opened a new genre for Russian art - interior design. The artist shows a variety of facilities noble house: living room, bedroom, office, kitchen, classrooms, human, etc. In these works, an important place pictures of various subjects, although the still life itself is almost no interest Representatives Venetsianov circle (at least, there is still very little still-lifes, made disciples of the famous painter). Nevertheless, Venetsianov urged his students scrutinized not only the faces and figures of people and things around them.
subject in painting Venetsianov is not an accessory, it is inextricably linked with all details picture and is often the key to understanding the image. For example, perform a similar function sickles in the film "Reapers" (second half of 1820, the Russian Museum, St. Petersburg). Things to venetsianovskom art seem involved in a leisurely and tranquil life characters.
Venetsianov Although, in all probability, not to write their own still lifes, he turned the genre into its learning system. The artist wrote: "Inanimate things are not subject to the various changes, koi are peculiar objects animate, they stand to keep the inexperienced artist still, motionless, and give him time, more accurate and sensible to grasp, to peer into the relationship of one part to another as in the lines, so in the light and shadows by color koi depends on the place occupied by the subjects. "
course, still life and played a major role in the educational system, Academy of Fine Arts in XVIII-XIX centuries (In the classroom students to make copies of the Dutch masters of still-life), but it Venetsianov, encourages young painters turn to nature imposed in its program the first year of teaching still life consisting of things such as plaster figures, tableware, candlesticks, colored ribbons, fruit and flowers. Subjects for training still lifes Venetsianov selected so that they were interested in the young painter, clear in form, beautiful in color.
's paintings, created by talented students Venetsianov things submitted is true and fresh. These are still lifes K. Zelentsova, PE Kornilov. In the work venetsianovtsev There are works that essentially are not still-life, but, nevertheless, the role of things in them is enormous. Include, for example, the paintings "The Cabinet of Isles" and "Reflection in the Mirror" GV Magpies kept in the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg. Still life in these works are not acting independently, well-assembled as a kind of master of interior parts, corresponding to the overall composite and the emotional order of the picture. The principal interface element here is light, gently rolling from one subject to another. Looking at paintings, you realize how interesting the world around the artist, lovingly depicting each object, each very small little thing.
Still Life submitted in the office at the Isles', though takes a little place in the overall composition, it seems extraordinarily high, distinguished by the fact that the author is fenced off from the rest of his high-backed sofa, and left and right cut off the frame. It seems that forty is so carried away by lying on the table objects that had almost forgotten about the other details of the painting. Master carefully wrote out everything: the quill pen, pencil, compass, protractor, a penknife, scores, sheets of paper, a candle in a candlestick. Point of view at the top allows to consider all things, none of them does not block another. Attributes, such as the skull, watches, and characters' earthly vanity "(statue, paper bills), allow some researchers to classify the type of still life vanitas, although this coincidence is purely accidental, most likely, land artist used the fact that lay on the table of his master.
renowned master of subject compositions of the first half of the XIX century was the artist IF Khrutsky, who wrote many beautiful paintings in the spirit of Dutch still life of the XVII century. Among the finest of his works - "Flowers and Fruits" (1836, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow), "Portrait of a woman with flowers and Fruit "(1838, Art Museum of Belarus, Minsk)," Still Life "(1839, Museum of the Academy of Fine Arts, St. Petersburg).
In the first half of the XIX century in Russia great popularity, "Botanical Still Life", came to us from Western Europe. In France at that time out works of botanists with beautiful illustrations. Better known in many European countries was an artist P.ZH. Fort, which was considered "the most famous painter colors of his time. " "Botanical Drawing" was a significant event not only for science but also for arts and culture. Similar figures were put forward as a gift, decorated albums, and thus put them on a par with other works of painting and drawing.
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