History of Still Life (Part 3)
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In the second half of the XIX century a lot of attention images of objects paid PA Fedotov. Although he did not write their own still life, a world of things created by him, admire its beauty and truth.
Items in the works Fedotov inseparable from human life, they take a direct part in the dramatic events portrayed by the artist.
Looking at the picture of "Fresh Knight (" The morning after the feast, "1846), one is struck by the abundance of objects, carefully written out by the wizard. This still-life, surprises with its laconic, presented at the famous painting Fedotova "Courtship Major" (1848). Tangible reality transferred Glass: wine glasses on high legs, bottle, carafe. Subtle and transparent, as if it produces a gentle ringing of a crystal.
Fedotov does not separate the objects from the interior, so things are shown not only reliably, but also beautifully subtle. Everyone most usual or not too attractive a subject that takes its place in a common space It is surprising and beautiful.
Although Fedotov did not write the still-lifes, he showed a definite interest in this genre. His instinct told him how to place this or that object, from what point of view, it represented what things will look next to not only logically reasonable, but also expressive.
World things, helps to show human life in all its manifestations, gives the product Fedotov special musicality. These are pictures of "Encore, Once More Encore "(1851-1852)," Widow "(1852) and many others.
In the second half of the XIX century, the genre of still life practically ceased to interest artists, although many genre painters willing to include elements of still life in their tracks. Becomes very important things in the pictures, VG Perov ("Tea in Mytischi, 1862, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow), LI Solomatkin (Slavilschiki-policemen, 1846, the State Historical Museum, Moscow).
Still Life submitted in the genre scenes, AL Yushanova ("Seeing the Chief", 1864), MK Klodt ("Sick musician, 1855), VI Jacobi (Jagger, 1858), AI Korzukhina ("Before the confession," 1877; "The Monastery Hotel, 1882), KE Makovsky ("Senya", 1882). All of these paintings is now stored in the collection of the Tretyakov Gallery.
In 1870-1880-s leading genre in Russian art remained a household, while landscape and portrait also occupied an important place. Huge role for the further development of Russian art Wanderers played, attempting to demonstrate in his works the truth of life. Artists began to attach great importance to working with nature, and therefore all increasingly turned to landscapes and still lifes, although many of them considered the last waste of time, meaningless form of passion, devoid of internal content. Thus, IN Kramskoy mentioned about the famous French painter, do not neglect the still-life, in a letter to VM Vasnetsov: "Do not be as talented people spend time on the image, say, cans, fish, etc. It's good to make people who have already everything, but we have things nepochaty angle.
Nevertheless, many Russian artists who have not written still life, admired them, looking at paintings of western masters. For example, the VD Polenov, located in France, wrote IN Kramskoy: "You look like here it goes like clockwork, working each in its own way, in a variety of ways that someone on the soul, and all that is valued and paid. We mainly importance that has been done, but here - as done. For example, a copper pan with two fish to pay twenty thousand francs, and even in the bargain consider this copper Affairs master painter first, and perhaps not without reason to. "
who visited in 1883 at an exhibition in Paris VI Surikov admired landscapes still-lifes and paintings depicting flowers. He wrote: "Good fish Gibert. Fish transferred to slide-ways masterful, colorful, tone on tone kneading. There is a his letter to PM Tretyakov, and the words: "A fish Gilbert - a miracle that is. Well, quite a hand can take up to hype written. "
And Polenov and Surikov would be the perfect masters of still life, as evidenced by the masterly written articles in their compositions ("Patient" Polenov, "Menshikov in Berezovo "Surikov).
Most of the still lifes created by famous Russian artists in 1870-1880's, is a product of etude character, showing the desire of authors to convey particular things. Some of these works depict the unusual, rare items (eg, sketch with a still-life paintings for IE Repin's "The Cossacks writing a letter to the Turkish Sultan, 1891). Independent values of such works were not.
interesting still lifes, AD Litovchenko made as preparatory sketches for a large canvas "Ivan the Terrible shows his treasures to Ambassador Horsey" (1875, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg). The artist showed the luxurious fabrics of brocade, weapons, inlaid with precious stones, gold and silver stored in the royal treasury.
more rare at the time were etude still lifes representing ordinary household objects. Such works created with the aim of studying the structure of things, and is the result of the exercises in painting technique.
important role played not only still life in the genre, but and portraiture. For example, in the film IN Archaeology "Nekrasov during the" Last Song "(1877-1878, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow), subjects performed feature enhancements. SN Goldstein, who study creativity of Archaeology, writes: "In search of the general composition of the product it seeks to ensure that the reconstituted their interior, in spite of his own household, contributed primarily awareness of the spiritual image of the poet, not fade away value of his poetry. And indeed, some of the interior accessories - volume of the "Contemporary", randomly arranged on a table at the bedside, sheet of paper and a pencil in his feeble hands, bust Belinsky, hanging on the wall portrait Dobrolyubova - acquired in this work, the value is not external signs of the situation, but the relics are closely related with the image of man. "
Among the few still-lifes Wanderers important place occupy the "bouquets". Interesting "Bouquet" VD Polenova (1880, Museum-Estate Abramtzevo), in the manner of the execution a little reminiscent of still lifes IE Repin. Unassuming of their motives (small wild flowers in a simple glass vase), he nevertheless admires his free paintings. In the second half of 1880 similar flowers appear in the painting II Levitan.
A different flower shows viewers IN Picture. Many researchers believe that the two paintings - "Bouquet colors. Phlox (1884, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow) and "Roses" (1884, a collection of RK Viktorova, Moscow) - were created by master while working on a canvas "Inconsolable grief. "
Two bouquet Kramskoy demonstrated at the XII traveling exhibition. Showy, bright composition, depicting garden flowers in the dark background, found buyers before the exhibition opening. Owners of these works have become Baron GO Ginsburg and the Empress.
At IX traveling exhibition 1881-1882 the public's attention was drawn picture KE Makovsky, the name in the directory "Nature morte" (now it is in the Tretyakov Gallery, entitled "In the Studio artist). On a large canvas depicts lying on the carpet a huge dog and a child, which stretches from the chair to the fruit on the table. But these figures - only details necessary to the author in order to revive the still-life - many luxury items in the artist's studio. Written in the tradition of Flemish art, Makovsky's painting is still touches the soul audience. Artist, fascinated by the transfer of the beauty of expensive things, failed to show their individuality and create a product, whose main goal - a demonstration of wealth and luxury.
All items in the picture as if collected in order to impress visitors with their magnificence. Is on the table for a traditional still life set fruit - large apples, pears and grapes on a big beautiful dish. Here is a big silver mug, ornamented. Nearby is a bluish-white porcelain jar, next to which is richly decorated with antique weapons. The fact that this workshop artist, reminiscent of the brush, placed in a wide pot on the floor. In the gilded chairs - sword in a sheath of luxury. Carpeted floor mat with a bright ornament. Ornament serve and expensive fabrics - brocade, trimmed with thick fur, and velvet, from which it is sewed curtains. Coloring fabrics designed in rich colors with a predominance scarlet, blue and gold.
From the foregoing it is clear that in the second half of the XIX century, still life does not play a significant role in Russian art. It was distributed only as a sketch for a painting or training Study. Many artists, still-lifes who served in the academic program in a separate creativity is more to this genre, did not return. Still Lifes wrote mostly non-professionals who created watercolors of flowers, berries, fruits and mushrooms. Large master of still life was not considered worthy of attention and use items only in order to convincingly show the environment and beautify the image.
first rudiments of a new still life can be found in the paintings of artists working at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries: II Levitan, IE Grabar, VE Borisov-Musatov MF Larionov, KA Korovin. It was at that time in Russian art still life emerged as an independent genre. But it was a very unique still life, understood artists working in the impressionist style, not like a normal closed subject composition. Masters portrayed the details of still life in the landscape or interior, and it was important not so much the life of things, how much space itself, a light mist, dissolving outlines of objects. Of great interest are as graphic still lifes, MA Wrubel, characterized by a unique identity.
At the beginning of XX century, important role in the development of Russian still life played artists such as AY Golovin, SJ Sudeikin, AF Gaush, BI Anisfeld, IS Schoolboy. The new word in this genre, and said NN Sapunov, who created a series of paintings, mural с букетами цветов.
В 1900-х годах к натюрморту обратилось множество художников самых разных направлений. Среди них были т.н. московские сезаннисты, символисты (PV Kuznetsov, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin), etc. The important place occupied the subject compositions in the works of such famous artists such as MF Larionov, NS Goncharov, AV Lentulov, RR Falk, PP Konchalovsky, AV Shevchenko, DP Shterenberg made with still-life full, among other genres in Russian art of XX century.
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