still life in European painting XVI-XVIII centuries
Peter Aartsen (ca. 1508-1575)
Peter Aartsen, rightly called the founder of the still life in the Dutch painting. It was his religious and household composition, where the objects around us have a special function that marked the beginning of a new European art for the genre. In his paintings of Arts, depicting fish and meat stalls, attention is focused not on the human figure, while posted in the foreground, household goods and victuals.
Dutch painter Pieter Aartsen was born in Amsterdam. His teacher was the Amsterdam artist A. Claes. From 1527 to 1555 Aartsen lived and worked in Antwerp, where he earned a master craftsman, and in 1557 he settled in Amsterdam.
main characters cloths Arts - simple traders, farmers, cooks and servants, which are shown surrounded by home decor and household items. Still life in these compositions is a very significant role. Things have Aartsen not only tell of the lessons images of people, but also have an independent significance ("butcher", 1551, art collection of the University of Uppsala, Sweden; "Still Life" 1552, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna).
especially interesting paintings Arts, on which the artist is one or two large-scale human Shapes ("Farmers market", 1550's, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna; "cook", 1559, the Royal Museums of Fine Arts, Brussels, "Trader game," The Hermitage, St. Petersburg). Shown in several theatrical poses, they are primarily attracted the attention of the viewer. From the characters of his sight goes to still life. Sometimes on canvases Aartsen, household items, broken poultry, vegetables and fruits are so close to the first plan, which overshadow the small figures members of religious scenes that unfold in the depths of space. These are pictures of "Cooking with the stage of flight into Egypt" (1551, art collection University of Uppsala), "Still Life with a scene of Christ in the House of Martha and Mary" (1552, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna), "Christ in the House of Martha and Mary" (1559, Museum of Ancient Arts, Brussels), where objects that make up a still life, have a symbolic and didactic overtones.
Many paintings Arts, in which tradition Netherlands old art combined with elements of Italian Mannerism (mismatch ratio and enlargement of human figures, the marginal emotional expressiveness of the gestures and postures), testify to the artist's interest in painting in Italy.
household composition, and still lifes Aartsen had a tremendous impact on further development of these genres not only in Dutch, but also in European art XVI-XVII centuries .
Balthasar van der Ast (1593/1594-1657)
However Ambrosius Boshartom Balthasar van der Ast was one of the founders of entirely new for his time painting with an image flowers, fruit and fancy shells, butterflies and other insects. Bright, elegant linens Asta, filled with beautiful things, great success the Dutch public.
Dutch painter Balthasar van der Ast was born in Middelburg. At the age of fifteen he lost his parents and his education took up a relative, the painter Ambrosius Boshart, who became for young teacher of painting.
One of the most significant works of Asta - painting "Still Life with Fruit" (late 1620's, the Hermitage, St. Petersburg), written during the period of his creative heyday. The artist puts into the foreground tracks a variety of fruits and flowers, as if trying to bring viewers to this magnificence, born of nature. Here the grapes, ripe apples and pears, apricots, plums, currants. Left in the elegant little vase are flowers, among which big roses, tulips, carnations, pansies and small sunflowers.
around the fruit and flowers all alive and moving. Butterflies and dragonflies, jumping grasshoppers. Two large parrot perched on an inverted basket. ACT does not neglect even the smallest detail of the painting. And flowers, and fruits and insects he writes equally well and in good faith. Little fly sitting on one of the apples, so it seems natural that the viewer a desire to banish it. Unusual type of picture attached shells of various shapes and color. Local color makes the image bright and joyful.
In "Still Life Fruit 'lack of depth. Artist tries to fill in as much as possible the space of the first plan, as if to show some more beautiful butterflies.
Unusual shells and exotic birds are not just appear in the still lifes, Asta. Brush of the artist belongs painting "The parrot on the shell" (Hermitage, St. Petersburg), the authorship of the researchers for a long time could not be determined.
developed in the early years pervoplanovaya Arrangement used Astom throughout his life, as evidenced by the picture "A plate with fruits and shells" (1630, Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia) written already a mature artist. In this still-life artist and does not extend deep into the image, pointing at the forefront of expansion, though at exhibition, a variety of shells, between which runs nimble lizard. At the end of the table sits a butterfly, if flown a magnificent spectacle. Over the next shell is earthenware plate with blue and white ornaments, stuffed grapes, apples, peaches, apricots. Here is also a regular character Asta paintings - a small parrot. From the earlier "Still Life with Fruit" pattern "plate with fruits and shell" is different muted colors. Shells filled with a yellowish-pearl colors, fruit - in yellow and purple. Bright spots stand out only the red cherries.
Almost each of his large painting Ast wrote a few years. First, he made a general outline, and then gradually filled painting flowers and fruits, which bloomed and ripened at different times. For each detail has been prepared in advance a specific location on the canvas. As many other painters of Holland, AST use for their still-lifes of flowers and rare varieties of fruit grown in the gardens of this country. Therefore, in pictures Dutch Masters is almost impossible to see simple wildflowers. Especially popular among artists enjoy exotic shells, brought из дальних краев, и тюльпаны.
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